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James Hill (surgeon)
James Hill (30 October 1703- 18 October 1776) was a Scottish surgeon working in Dumfries who advocated curative excision for cancer rather than the palliative approach adopted by many leading surgeons of the day. By follow-up of his patients over years he demonstrated that his radical approach resulted in better outcomes than those published by contemporaries. His experience in diagnosing and treating intracranial bleeding after head injury by directed trephine resulted in the best results published in the 18th century and represent an important landmark in the management of post-traumatic intracranial haemorrhage.
==Early life==
James Hill was the son of Rev James Hill (1676-1743), minister of the parish church of Kirkpatrick Durham in Kirkcudbrightshire, and his wife Agnes Muirhead (1678-1742), daughter of a Dumfries merchant.〔Scott H, Lamb JA and Macdonald DF. Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae: the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the Reformation. In: Medieval and early modern sources online. Searchable text ed. Burlington: Tanner Ritchie Publishing in collaboration with the Library and Information Services of the University of St Andrews, 2011〕 James Hill was born in the village of Kirkliston, West Lothian on 30 October 1703.〔Scotland’s People OPR Birth and baptism record. Kirkliston. 1703. GROS 667/00 0010 0163〕 On 17 May 1723 he was apprenticed to the Edinburgh surgeon, physician and philosopher George Young (1692-1757),〔Wallis PJ, Wallis R and Whittet T. Eighteenth century medics: subscriptions, licenses, apprenticeships. Newcastle: University of Newcastle, 1985〕 from whom he learned the value of careful observation and scepticism in medicine.〔Macintyre IMC. A sceptic and an empiric in medicine: George Young (1692–1757) and the beginnings of the Scottish medical Enlightenment.() Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 2012; 42: 352–360〕 It is known from Hill’s later writing that Young was a powerfully influential figure to his young apprentice during the latter's formative professional years.〔Hill J. Cases in surgery, particularly of cancers, and dis-orders of the head from external violence. With observations. To which is added an account of the Sibbens. Edinburgh: printed for John Balfour, 1772〕
Hill, like many Edinburgh surgical apprentices attended lectures at Surgeons’ Hall〔Murray T. The literary history of Galloway, 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Waugh and Innes, 1832〕 but like the majority of apprentices of the period did not prceed to a surgical diploma or a medical degree in the newly established University of Edinburgh Medical School.〔Dingwall HM. ‘A famous and flourishing society’: the history of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 1505– 2005. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005〕 During Hill’s apprenticeship there was no teaching hospital in Edinburgh. He later wrote “There was no infirmary in Edinburgh when I served my apprenticeship there, so that I never had an opportunity of seeing a cancerous breast extirpated or any other capital operation performed till I performed them myself.”〔Hill J. Cases in surgery, particularly of cancers, and dis-orders of the head from external violence. With observations. To which is added an account of the Sibbens. Edinburgh: printed for John Balfour, 1772〕 The first teaching hospital (the “Little House”) opened opposite the head of Robertson’s Close on 6 July 1729.
Hill joined the Royal Navy as a surgeon in 1730.〔Murray T. The literary history of Galloway, 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Waugh and Innes, 1832〕 At this time naval surgeons were certified for the purpose after an examination by the Court of Examiners of the London Company of Barbers and Surgeons and many naval surgeons of the day had no other formal qualifications.
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